Cartridge | Types, Calibers, Ballistics (2024)

cartridge, in weaponry, unit of small-arms ammunition, composed of a metal (usually brass) case, a propellant charge, a projectile or bullet, and a primer. The first cartridges, appearing in the second half of the 16th century, consisted merely of charges of powder wrapped in paper; the ball was loaded separately. During the next century, methods of including the ball with the powder were devised. In muzzle-loading a musket, the soldier bit off the end of the paper cartridge, poured a small amount of the powder into the firing pan, poured the rest down the barrel, and rammed the ball and paper down after it.

The breech-loading rifle and various multishot weapons of the 19th century made possible loading the entire cartridge as a unit; many varieties were developed, using paper, linen, animal tissue, collodion, metal, rubber, and other materials. All required an external spark to ignite the propellant. In 1847 a Paris gunsmith, B. Houllier, patented the first cartridge, capable of being fired by the blow of the gun’s hammer. In one type, a pin was driven into the cartridge by the hammer action; in the other, a primer charge of fulminate of mercury was exploded in the cartridge rim. Later improvements changed the point of impact from the rim to the centre of the cartridge, where a percussion cap was inserted. The cartridge with a percussion cap, or cup, centred on the base of the cartridge—centre-fire—predominated in all larger calibres, but rimfire cartridges remain popular in small-bore, low-powered ammunition, e.g., .22 calibre. Smokeless nitrocellulose powder replaced black powder as the propellant in the late 19th century.

Also in the 19th century, the round ball was replaced by the elongated, or cylindroconoidal, Minié ball, as it was commonly called, with a cavity in the base that expanded on explosion of the charge to engage the rifling threads in the gun barrel. Shotgun cartridges are made of paper or plastic instead of brass.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen.

Cartridge | Types, Calibers, Ballistics (2024)

FAQs

Cartridge | Types, Calibers, Ballistics? ›

Fastest equals flattest, and the . 220 Swift is STILL the fastest standard rifle cartridge. However, there is a real close second- the Remington Accelerator in 30–06.

What caliber is the flattest trajectory? ›

Fastest equals flattest, and the . 220 Swift is STILL the fastest standard rifle cartridge. However, there is a real close second- the Remington Accelerator in 30–06.

What is the best 1000 yard cartridge? ›

Most military sniper school instructors would place the practical accuracy limit of the . 308 Winchester at around 700-800 yards, and it goes transonic at under 1,000 yards. But the 6.5 Creedmoor is an accurate 1000-yard-capable cartridge, remaining supersonic until 1,200+ yards.

What is a 6.5 Creedmoor equivalent to? ›

Performance. The 6.5mm Creedmoor is a medium-power cartridge comparable to the .260 Remington and 6.5×47mm Lapua.

What is the most powerful 30-caliber cartridge? ›

30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a long range cartridge. It is the most powerful - in terms of energy - . 30 caliber production cartridge available. It is also the flattest-shooting .

What is the best all-around rifle caliber? ›

30-06 has been around for more than a century. To prove its popularity, just check out the Boone and Crockett Club's records. Based on their data, the . 30-06 has killed more record-book animals than any other single cartridge.

What caliber shoots the farthest? ›

For shooting out to 1,000 yards, the 6mm Creedmoor is about ideal. There are plenty of factory guns and ammunition to choose from, and it is an easy cartridge to reload. For hunting at extended ranges, the 6.5 PRC and . 300 Win.

What caliber do snipers use? ›

The most popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for 7.62 mm (0.30 inch) caliber ammunition, such as 7.62×51mm and 7.62×54mm R.

What caliber did Chris Kyle use? ›

Kyle used this weapon for most of his sniping and stated he made most of his kills with it. He used the . 300 Winchester Magnum during a mission near the Euphrates River.

What cartridge do Navy Seals use? ›

5.56×45mm NATO

Is a 30-06 more powerful than a 6.5 Creedmoor? ›

The 6.5 Creedmoor launches a 120-grain bullet 2,875 feet-per-second (fps) at the muzzle for an energy output of 2,202 foot-pounds (ft. -lbs.). The . 30-06, on the other hand, launches a 165-grain bullet 2,800 fps at the muzzle for an energy output about 30% higher—2,872 ft.

Do Snipers use 6.5 Creedmoor? ›

U.S. Special Operations Command will wait for the Army's 6.8mm rifle and automatic rifle, but it's moving forward to adopt a new sniper support weapon chambered in the longer-range 6.5mm Creedmoor round.

Why is 6.5 Creedmoor bad for deer? ›

A common criticism of the 6.5 Creedmoor is that it's not powerful enough to pass through big game animals. But all things being equal, says Outdoor Life Shooting Editor John B. Snow, a 6.5 bullet will out-penetrate many other bullets because of its sectional density.

What is the most lethal cartridge? ›

At the top of our list, we have the . 50 Browning Machine Gun (. 50 BMG), powerful and long-range ammunition utilized in sniper rifles and various assault weapons. Originally designed for the Browning Machine Gun in the early 20th century, this ammunition has made its mark in military and civilian usage alike.

What is the most common rifle cartridge in the world? ›

Most Common Rifle Ammo
  • . 223/5.56.
  • . 22LR.
  • . 308.
  • . 300 Blackout.
  • 7.62×39.
  • . 30-06.
Jan 3, 2024

What rifle round has the least drop? ›

Drop Chart Shows Flattest Shooting Cartridge
CartridgeBullet/B.C.600 yd drop
7mm RM175-gr. /.648 BC93”
220 Swift40-gr. /.220 BC70”
338-378 Wby300-gr. /.826 BC95”
50 BMG750-gr. /1.05 BC98”
2 more rows
Aug 6, 2021

What caliber is least affected by wind? ›

Consistent with other manufacturers, few projectiles of smaller caliber can compare. So if I wanted a cartridge for windy country and also wanted light recoil, I would choose a mild 6.5mm. It doesn't matter whether it's the 6.5mm Creedmoor, . 260 Rem., or the old 6.5x55.

What caliber has the least kick? ›

308 Winchester, and . 358 Winchester. These are all high-velocity, flat-shooting cartridges suitable for long-range shooting. However, if you want the lowest recoil, your best choice is the 22-250 caliber Browning BLR Lever Action Rifle.

What caliber is flat shooting elk? ›

30-06 has earned its reputation for delivering a highly accurate shot. It shoots flat and often has less than one minute of angle. Even from a distance — up to 1,000 yards away — it's a reliable, long-range cartridge. It's ideal for targeting animals, like elk, that travel in tight groups.

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