The Effects of Changes of Ankle Strength and Range of Motion According to Aging on Balance (2024)

Abstract

Keywords: Balance, Ankle strength, Ankle range of motion, Aging, Fall risk

INTRODUCTION

The population of people age 65 and above is rising dramatically in modern society. Facing an unprecedented pace of population aging, there is a growing concern about life quality for the elderly. Nearly one-third of the elderly people living in a community fall each year and the fallen rates are rising with age [1]. Falls are a major public health problem in aging adults. Falls and fall-related injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Related injuries, such as fractures, can have a detrimental effect on daily function and independent ambulation in later life. In addition, fear of falling can limit physical and social activities; consequentially, lowering quality of life. Most falls in elderly people are associated with multiple risk factors, such as weakness of muscles, reducing balance control, gait disorder, number of medications and environmental factors [1,2].

The maintenance of balance is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by multiple neural and musculoskeletal factors [3]. Balance is maintained through a complex process involving sensory detection of body motions, integration of sensorimotor information within the central nervous system, and execution of appropriate musculoskeletal responses [4]. Maintaining balance, which is the ability to maintain an upright position during quiet standing, is necessary for successful performance of daily life tasks [5]. However, the ability of postural control is declining according to aging [6]. Colledge et al. [7] demonstrated that postural sway increased linearly with age, but was not affected by gender at any age.

Adequate postural control depends on the integration of vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information of the body motion. Advancing age accompanied with a generalized reduction of the vision and vestibular function. Moreover, Lord et al. [5] reported that deterioration of postural stability related to aging is associated with reduced sensation in the lower limbs as measured by joint position, tactile, and vibration sensitivities. It not only affects sensorimotor functions, but also muscle strength and joint movement associated with declining in age [8]. Bennell and Goldie [9] demonstrated that particular range of motion (ROM) of the ankle is an important risk factor of reducing postural stability. Grimston et al. [8] and Vandervoort et al. [10] reported that an average decrement of ankle joint ROM was greater in females than males with aging. However, available literature on relationships between ankle strength and ROM variables, and balance is limited in a population of Korean adults.

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in strength and ROM of ankle with aging and to identify the ankle strength and ROM that significantly contribute to balance. In addition, we tried to identify which ankle strength and ROM that could be specifically targeted as part of an intervention program to improve balance and prevent falls in the elderly group over the age of 65.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium and orientation in a gravitational environment. The maintenance of balance is influenced by multifactorial sensorimotor factors, including visual acuity, vestibular function, peripheral sensation, cerebellar function, and muscle strength of both lower extremities. Several neuromuscular diseases and drugs affect impairment of balance. To maintain balance, kinesthetic sense from proprioceptor support postural control. Kinesthetic sense information intends joint position and motion, such as tension or pressure of muscle and ligament, for keeping joint position and velocity or acceleration during joint movement. This kinesthetic information integrates with visual and vestibular sensation to maintain balance.

Berg Balance Scale, functional reach test, Tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment, get up and go test, are clinical validated balance tests for the elderly. Woo et al. [11] demonstrated that balance ability was decreased according to the increase in age, tested by Berg balance scale, Tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment and one-leg standing. However, these clinical balance tests are less objective, nevertheless, commonly used in practice because it is easier to perform. Therefore, there is a need of methods to evaluate the objective and quantitative. Balance System (Biodex Medical System), a device we used in this study can measure COP. The displacement of COP represents criterion of stability.

Laughton et al. [12] reported that elderly fallers demonstrated significantly greater amounts of sway in the AP direction and greater muscle activity during quiet standing compared with the young subject, and Lim et al. [13] demonstrated low directional control and low on-axis velocity in front/back rhythmic weight shift than right/left in older groups. The findings of this study also demonstrate that both AP sway and ML sway were increased with age, but only AP sway has significantly increased with age. According to the increase of age, keeping of static balance was considered to increase in the AP sway. The findings of this study demonstrated that OSI and DS were increased with age. Only DS is significantly increased with increasing age.

Muscle weakness is an important factor associated with falls in the elderly. There have been reports of hip abductor, knee flexor, knee extensor or ankle dorsiflexor weakness related to an older adult's fallen status [1,14]. Hip abductor has an important role in maintaining body alignment at the initial stance phase, as they provide lateral support at hip joint. Knee extensors provide eccentric contraction needed during the loading phase of the gait cycle. Knee flexor and ankle dorsiflexors are involved in lifting the lower limb during the swing phase of gait, thereby allowing sufficient clearance of the toes over the ground; which is important in the prevention of tripping [15]. In a contrary, Spink et al. [16] reported that age related changes of foot problems are common and it impairs balance and increase the risk of falls. Particularly, hallux plantarflexor strength and ROM of ankle inversion-eversion were the variables most frequently associated with the balance and functional ability in older people [16]. Our findings of this study demonstrate that ankle plantarflexor strength is significantly declined with aging and there is a significant association between ankle plantarflexor strength and AP sway of COP and OSI in the elderly. Plantarflexor has a role in supporting weight of body and providing stability at the ankle and feet for standing and gait, whereas dorsiflexor muscles against gravity during the swing phase of gait clear the feet from the floor. Our findings suggest that static balance may be related to plantarflexor strength more than dorsiflexor strength.

Not only strength of muscles, but also joint movement is influencing maintenance of balance. Amundsen [17] reported that most of the ROM in lower extremities are reduced with age. Woo et al. [11] demonstrated that the flexibilities of lower extremities were decreased according to an increase in age. Flexibility of the ankle joint, in particular, showed the strongest correlation with clinical balance score with age. Horak et al. [18] reported that ankle strength and flexibility are required when the body is exposed to gravity or external force at first. The findings of this study demonstrate that ankle eversion ROM is significantly declined with aging and there is a significant association between ankle eversion ROM and ML sway of COP and OSI in elderly. Our findings confirmed significant decline in balance due to aging in consequence of muscle weakness and motion limitation of the ankle. This may be a result that ankle strength and ROM acts as an important role of postural control at the initial of stance phase. Therefore, impairment of balance in healthy older adults has been related to muscle weakness and impairment of ROM in the ankle. However, strength and ROM of hip and knee joints were not assessed in this study. As such, additional research is needed to evaluate the correlations between hip and knee strength and ROM and balance in older adults.

In our study, subjects had only 5 seconds rest between isometric contractions. Due to shortness of resting period, this study has the limitation that muscle fatigue cannot be excluded in each trial. Another limitation of this study is that each ankle of dominant and nondominant sides was used as independent variables. The dominant side may affect correlation in strength and balance. Further, balance removed visual input is not assessed and that variance of visual compensation is unaccounted for. Also, further research are required to establish whether intervention programs that include strengthening and stretching exercises for the ankle may achieve improvement in balance and functional ability, thereby play a role in the prevention of falls and loss of independence in older people.

In conclusion, this study shows that ankle strength, ROM and control of balance were declining and risk of falls was increasing with aging. In particular, weakening of ankle plantarflexor and decline of ankle eversion ROM are important determinants of balance and falls in elderly people. Therefore, it is necessary to assess ankle strength and ROM, while evaluating falling risks. In addition, further studies are needed for intervention programs to improve the strength and flexibility of the ankle are beneficial in improving balance and prevention of falls in the elderly.

Footnotes

References