What are PFAS chemicals? (2024)

The ‘forever chemicals’ in 99% of Americans

Hundreds of everyday products are made with highly toxic fluorinated chemicals called PFAS. They build up in our bodies and never break down in the environment. Very small doses of PFAS have been linked to cancer, reproductive and immune system harm, and other diseases.

For decades, chemical companies covered up evidence of PFAS’ health hazards. Today nearly all Americans, including newborn babies, have PFAS in their blood, andmore than 200 million people may be drinking PFAS-tainted water. What began as a“miracle of modern chemistry”is now a national crisis.

What Are PFAS?

In 1946, DuPont introduced nonstick cookware coated with Teflon. Today the family of fluorinated chemicals that sprang from Teflon includes thousands of nonstick, stain-repellent and waterproof compounds called PFAS, short for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances.

PFAS are used in a staggering array of consumer products and commercial applications. Decades of heavy use have resulted in contamination of water, soil and the blood of people and animalsin the farthest corners of the world. PFAS are incredibly persistent, never breaking down in the environment and remaining in our bodies for years.

DuPont invented the PFAS chemical patented as Teflon, but 3M became its main manufacturer. In 2001,a scandal erupted in Parkersburg, W.Va., after discovery of the Teflon chemical in the drinking water of tens of thousands of people near a DuPont plant. (The story is documented in the film “The Devil We Know.”)

A class-action lawsuit uncovered evidence DuPont knew PFAS was hazardous and had contaminated tap water but didn’t tell its workers, local communities or environmental officials. The lawsuit also triggeredstudies linking the Teflon chemical to cancerand other diseases.

What are the health risks of PFAS?

The most notorious PFAS chemicals – PFOA, the Teflon chemical, and PFOS, an ingredient in 3M’s Scotchgard – were phased out in the U.S. under pressure from the Environmental Protection Agency after revelations of their hidden hazards. (They are still permitted in items imported to this country.) Numerous studies link these and closely related PFAS chemicals to:

• Testicular, kidney, liver and pancreatic cancer.
• Reproductive problems
• Weakened childhood immunity
• Low birth weight
• Endocrine disruption
• Increased cholesterol
• Weight gain in children and dieting adults

PFOA, PFOS and the related phased-out compounds are called “long chain” chemicals because they contain eight carbon atoms. Since these chemicals have been phased out, the EPA and theFood and Drug Administrationhave recklessly allowed the introduction of scores of “short chain” replacements, with six carbon atoms.

Chemical companies claim this structure makes them safer. ButDuPont admitsthat the short-chain chemicalGenXcauses cancerous tumors in lab animals. A 2019 Auburn University study foundthat short-chains may pose even worse risksthan long-chains, which supports scientists’ growing agreement thatthe entire class of PFAS are hazardous.

How are we exposed to PFAS chemicals?

EWG and theSocial Science Health and Environmental Health Research Institutetrack PFAS contamination reported by federal and state authorities. As of July 2019, our tracking map shows thatPFAS contaminates public drinking water systems serving 19 million people in 49 states. Michigan has the most PFAS sites, but that’s largely because most other states have not tested for the chemicals as extensively. Unreleased federal data suggest thatup to 110 million Americanscould have PFAS-contaminated drinking water.

But drinking water is not the main route of PFAS exposure for most Americans:

• Although the original PFAS chemical used to make Teflon has been taken off the market, Teflon and other brands of nonstick cookware are still produced with new PFAS that may be no safer.
• PFAS chemicals are widely used to coat paper and cardboardwrappers for fast food and bakery goods.
• PFAS chemicals lurk instain-resistant furniture and carpetstreated with Scotchgard, Stainmaster and other fabric treatments.
• Clotheslabeled stain- or water-repellent, such as Gore-Tex jackets, usually contain PFAS chemicals.
• PFAS are even inpersonal care products and cosmetics.

Who is responsible for PFAS pollution?

Manufacturers

As far back as 1950, 3M studies showed PFAS could pollute people’s blood. By the 1960s, 3M and DuPont animal studies showed that PFAS were health hazards. In the 1980s, both companies linked PFAS to cancer and found elevated cancer rates among their own workers. But they kept these and other studies secret.Here is a timeline of internal memos, studies and other documentsdetailing the decades-long deception.

Six other companies that made PFOA were subject tothe PFOA phaseout. They included Arkema, Asahi, BASF, Clariant, Daikin and Solvay Solexis. In 2015, DuPont spun off its PFAS business to a new company named Chemours.Chemours’ PFAS plantshave also polluted drinking water, and the two companies arelocked in a legal battleover who will pay to clean up contamination.

Industrial discharges

At least 475 industrial facilities may be discharging PFAS into the environment. Yet there are currently no restrictions on industrial PFAS discharges under the federal Clean Water Act or the Clean Air Act.Here’s a map of those facilities.

The military

Despite knowing about the hazards of PFAS-based firefighting foam, the Defense Department continued to use it fordecadesand now is fighting efforts to clean up legacy pollution. This map showsmilitary siteswhere drinking water or groundwater is contaminated with PFAS at levels above the EPA’s advisory level.

What is being done about the PFAS contamination crisis?

Environmental Protection Agency

The EPA has known about the hazards of PFAS at least since 1998, when 3M provided studies that led to thewithdrawal of the Scotchgard chemicalfrom the market. Since then, despite mounting evidence of PFAS’ toxicity and contamination, the EPA has inexcusably dragged its feet.

The EPA has failed to set a legal limit for any PFAS in tap water, and its non-enforceable health advisory level for PFOA and PFOS is70 times higherthan what independent studies show is needed. In 2019 the EPA announced atoothless “action plan”that would do nothing to reduce ongoing PFAS releases or clean up legacy PFAS pollution.

Food and Drug Administration

Like the EPA, the FDA has recklessly let the chemical industry introducenew PFAS chemicals for use in food wrappers and packaging, with scant safety testing. FDA found PFAS in popular foods but didn’t make the findings public. After the results leaked, top agency officials said PFAS in food is “not a concern.”

The Pentagon

The Defense Department has also failed to deal adequately with the crisis. The Pentagontried to block releaseof a federal toxics agency’s recommendation of a much lower safe level of PFAS than the EPA’s health advisory level. Itlobbied the White Houseto back woefully weak cleanup standards.

Congress

In response to the failure to act by the EPA, the FDA and the Pentagon, Congress has stepped up. In June and July 2019, theHouseandSenatepassed versions of an annual defense spending bill that includes provisions to limit PFAS discharges into drinking water supplies and to quickly end the military’s use of PFAS in food packaging and firefighting foam. Both bills would expand PFAS monitoring: The Senate bill would expand reporting of PFAS discharges, and the House bill would require polluters and the DOD to clean up legacy PFAS pollution. The final bill is under negotiation, butPresident Trump has threatened to veto it.

State Governments

States have also stepped up.Michigan,New Jersey, Pennsylvania and other states have proposed or enacted limits for PFAS in drinking water that are significantly lower than the EPA’s advisory level.WashingtonandMainehave banned PFAS in food packaging, and at least five states have restricted the use of PFAS-based firefighting foam.Californiais the first to require utilities to test tap water for PFAS and inform their customers.