Do I have to pay taxes as a U.S. citizen if I live abroad?
If you are a U.S. citizen or resident living or traveling outside the United States, you generally are required to file income tax returns, estate tax returns, and gift tax returns and pay estimated tax in the same way as those residing in the United States.
The US is one of the few countries in the world that taxes citizens regardless of where they live and work. Because of this, when a US citizen moves to another country with an income tax, they will have to report their income to both governments and face double taxation. This applies to “accidental Americans” as well.
However, you may qualify to exclude your foreign earnings from income up to an amount that is adjusted annually for inflation ($107,600 for 2020, $108,700 for 2021, $112,000 for 2022, and $120,000 for 2023). In addition, you can exclude or deduct certain foreign housing amounts.
The answer depends on the state. Some U.S. citizens and residents living abroad must file a state tax form, but not all expats are required to do so. What U.S. expats do for state taxes depends on which state they lived in before their move to another country.
Key Takeaways
Dual citizens are often required to file tax returns in both countries. However, tax treaties and other benefits can be used to avoid double taxation. Using these benefits, most US dual citizens who live abroad can erase their US tax liability.
Importantly, U.S. citizens are always considered U.S. tax residents, even if they live in a foreign country or claim residency elsewhere. They are subject to citizenship-based taxation, meaning they must report and pay taxes on their worldwide income until they formally renounce their citizenship.
The maximum foreign earned income exclusion amount is adjusted annually for inflation. For tax year 2023, the maximum foreign earned income exclusion is the lesser of the foreign income earned or $120,000 per qualifying person. For tax year 2024, the maximum exclusion is $126,500 per person.
US citizens living abroad who fail to file US taxes risk passport denial, penalties, and even criminal charges. The IRS charges penalties for both late filing and late payments.
Absences of more than 365 consecutive days
You must apply for a re-entry permit (Form I-131) before you leave the United States, or your permanent residence status will be considered abandoned. A re-entry permit enables you to be abroad for up to two years.
If you are a U.S. citizen or resident living or traveling outside the United States, you generally are required to file income tax returns, estate tax returns, and gift tax returns and pay estimated tax in the same way as those residing in the United States.
Do I have to pay US taxes if I retire abroad?
Americans who retire overseas still have tax obligations. Typically, you will have to file a tax return with both the US government and your new host country. You may even have to file a tax return with the US state you used to live in.
Keeping a US Address While Living Abroad
Having a US address can help ensure that you receive mail from the IRS or other important senders in a timely fashion. Many US financial institutions require you to provide a US address (not just a PO Box) to open an account.
Buying property overseas doesn't automatically trigger a US tax reporting requirement. Selling foreign property will result in a capital gain or loss that is reportable on your US tax return. Buying or selling foreign property may create tax obligations in your country of residence.
The IRS requires that taxpayers avoid making double claims by choosing either a credit or a deduction for foreign taxes paid, but not both for the same tax.
One benefit of dual citizenship that is often cited is the ability of an individual to possess two passports. But, there are also disadvantages because it is a complex legal status, which comes with the possibility of double taxation.
Owe allegiance to both the U.S. and a foreign country. Must use a U.S. passport to enter and leave the U.S. Do not have to choose one nationality over the other. As a U.S. citizen, you may naturalize in another country without risking your U.S. citizenship.
Wages paid to U.S. citizens and residents employed outside the United States are generally subject to Social Security and Medicare tax if the employer is an American employer.
As a general matter, under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (Code), all U.S. citizens and U.S. residents are treated as U.S. tax residents. In order for a non-U.S. citizen (alien individual) to be treated as a resident alien, he or she must satisfy either the “green card test” or the substantial presence test.
If you are due a refund for withholding or estimated taxes, you must file your return to claim it within 3 years of the return due date. The same rule applies to a right to claim tax credits such as the Earned Income Credit.
Who Does Not Have to Pay Taxes? You generally don't have to pay taxes if your income is less than the standard deduction or the total of your itemized deductions, if you have a certain number of dependents, if you work abroad and are below the required thresholds, or if you're a qualifying non-profit organization.
Why do US citizens pay taxes abroad?
U.S. taxes are based on citizenship, not country of residence. That means it doesn't matter where you call home, if you're considered a U.S. citizen, you have a tax obligation this tax year. Your expat tax filing requirement doesn't change even if you're paid by a foreign employer overseas.
Generally, to meet the physical presence test, you must be physically present in a foreign country or countries for at least 330 full days during a 12-month period including some part of the year at issue. You can count days you spent abroad for any reason, so long as your tax home is in a foreign country.
A common concern is the duration of time a U.S. citizen can spend abroad without jeopardizing their citizenship status. While there is no set limit, extended periods of absence, especially when combined with other factors, can trigger inquiries from U.S. authorities.
So, if your income is less than the Standard Deduction, and you don't have other income to report, you won't need to file a tax return. An example of income that you would need to report, regardless of the amount, is self-employment income.
- Mexico – 899,311 United States-born residents of Mexico (2017)
- European Union – 800,000 (2013; all EU countries combined)
- Canada – 738,203 (2011)
- India – 700,000 according to a press release from the White House on 12/06/2017.
- Philippines – 600,000 (2015)
- Germany – 400,000 (2020)
- Brazil – 260,000.
- Israel – 185,000.
