Introduction toAlkynes
Quantum mechanics helps us a great deal to study the structure of different molecules found in nature. The concept of chemical bonding in combination with quantum mechanics has revealed numerous information about various organic and inorganic compounds that are essential for life. This article deals with the structure of a special class of organic compounds known as alkynes. Acetylene is the simplest member of the alkyne family. Alkynesare unsaturated hydrocarbons in which a carbon-carbon triple bond exists between the two carbon atoms.
Table of Contents
- What is a Triple Bond?
- Uses of Alkynes
- Recommended Videos
- Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
What is a Triple Bond?
When three pairs of electrons are shared between two carbon atoms, a triple bond is formed between the two carbon atoms. In the triple bond, one will be sigma and the other two will be pi bonds.
The triple-bonded carbon atoms of acetylene are hybridized. Sigma bond between the atoms of carbon is obtained by a head-on overlapping of the two hybridized sp orbitals. The leftover orbitals of the carbon atoms overlap with each other along the internuclear axis in the 1s orbital of each hydrogen atom which results with the formation of one C-H sigma bond and 2 weaker pi bonds. These bonds are formed due to orbital overlapping. Each carbon atom uses only one of its three p-orbitals.
Hence, the two remaining p orbitals are occupied by a single electron. It is the same for the other carbon, which permits the pairing of electrons which results in the formation of 2 pi bonds. The carbon-carbon triple bond is made stronger by the presence of one sigma bond.
Acetylene is a linear molecule with a carbon-carbon distance of 1.21Ao. The C-H distance in acetylene is 1.08 shorter than alkenes due to the fact that sp hybridized carbon has more s character than the sp2 hybridized carbon.
Uses of Alkynes
The most common form ofalkynes i.e, ethyne is used in preparing many other compounds. Some of these uses are as follows:
- The most common use of Ethyne is for making organic compounds likeethanol, ethanoic acid, acrylic acid, etc.
- It is also used for making polymers and it is a precursor. For instance, vinyl chloride is used as the starting material for PVC and chloroprene is used for synthetic rubber neoprene.
- Ethyne is used for preparing many organic solvents.
- Alkynes are commonly used to artificially ripe fruits.
Recommended Videos
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Q1
What is a triple bond?
A triple bond is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons. Alkynes contain the most common triple bond that can be found between two carbon atoms. Cyanides and isocyanides are other functional groups which contain a triple bond.
Q2
Why are triple bonds strongest?
Owing to the presence of two pi bonds, rather than one, triple bonds are stronger than double bonds. Each carbon has two hybrid sp-orbitals and one of them overlaps to form an sp-sp sigma bond with the matching one from the other carbon atom.
Q3
Are alkynes polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar, unsaturated hydrocarbons with physical features similar to alkanes and alkenes are alkynes. In organic solvents, alkynes dissolve, have minimal solubility in polar solvents and are insoluble in water. Alkynes have significantly higher boiling points in contrast to alkanes and alkenes.
Q4
Why is alkyne is called acetylene?
With regard to hydrogen atoms, because the compound is unsaturated, the extra electrons are exchanged by 2 carbon atoms that form double bonds. Alkynes from the first compound in the sequence are also commonly known as ACETYLENES.
Q5
Do alkanes have double bonds?
A subset of hydrocarbons that are completely saturated with hydrogen are alkanes, also known as paraffins. In their carbon skeletons, they do not contain double or triple bonds, and thus have the highest number of covalent bonds from carbon to hydrogen.
To explore more alkynes and other hydrocarbons please visit the YouTube channel of BYJU’S.
The discussion about alkynes delves into quantum mechanics' role in elucidating molecular structures. Understanding alkynes involves comprehending triple bonds, their formation, and the resultant molecular properties. I can provide detailed insights into the concepts mentioned in the article:
Triple Bonds and Molecular Structure:
- Triple Bond Formation: It's formed when two carbon atoms share three pairs of electrons, comprising one sigma and two pi bonds.
- Hybridization: Carbon atoms in acetylene are sp-hybridized, leading to a head-on overlap of two sp orbitals to form the sigma bond.
- Pi Bonds: The remaining p orbitals overlap, resulting in two weaker pi bonds, strengthening the carbon-carbon triple bond.
- Acetylene's Structure: It's a linear molecule with a carbon-carbon distance of 1.21 Å, exhibiting unique C-H distances due to sp hybridization.
Uses of Alkynes:
- Industrial Applications: Ethyne (acetylene) is vital in synthesizing various organic compounds like ethanol, ethanoic acid, and acrylic acid.
- Polymer Production: It serves as a precursor for polymer production, enabling the creation of PVC from vinyl chloride and neoprene from chloroprene.
- Organic Solvents and Fruit Ripening: Ethyne is utilized in organic solvent manufacturing and the artificial ripening of fruits.
FAQ Insights:
- Triple Bond Strength: Triple bonds are stronger due to the presence of two pi bonds, unlike double bonds that contain one pi bond.
- Polarity of Alkynes: Alkynes are nonpolar, similar to alkanes and alkenes, with minimal solubility in polar solvents and insolubility in water.
- Acetylene and Alkynes: Acetylene, the simplest alkyne, is referred to as such because of its unsaturation and the exchange of electrons between two carbon atoms.
- Alkanes vs. Alkenes: Alkanes, being completely saturated hydrocarbons, lack double or triple bonds in their carbon structures.
This exploration showcases the unique molecular characteristics of alkynes, their structural properties, industrial applications, and fundamental differences from other hydrocarbons like alkanes and alkenes. If you seek a more in-depth understanding or want to explore further, resources like BYJU’S YouTube channel provide comprehensive educational content on alkynes and related hydrocarbons.
